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مطالب علمی ، تحقیقاتی و تجربی در خصوص مبانی،تولید، انتقال و توزیع و منابع نوین انرژی الکتریکی

آشنائي با نرم افزارPLS-CADD

 

Power Line System computer Aided Design and Drafting - PLS-CADD 

تهيه کننده: مهندس کيومرث عاشوری  شرکت سهامی برق منطقه ای گيلان

 

     اين نرم افزاربه منظورطراحي و تحليل خطوط انتقال نيرو تهيه شده و اكنون بيش از 80 كشور در دنيا از اين نرم افزاراستفاده مي­نمايند.

به منظورانجام طراحي مناسب خطوط انتقال نيرو ، اطلاعات زير به عنوان ورودي نرم افزارمورد نياز مي­باشد :

1-     اطلاعات نقشه برداري

2-     اطلاعات مربوط به شرايط جوي منطقه وبارگذاري

3-     اطلاعات مربوط به استراكچر

4-     اطلاعات مربوط به هادي

1- اطلاعات نقشه برداري

قبل ازبررسي چگونگي وارد نمودن اطلاعات نقشه برداري با مفهوم FEATURE CODE آشنا شويم

FEATURE CODE: خط انتقال درمسيرخود باعوارض گوناگون طبيعي وغيرطبيعي مواجه مي باشد عوارض طبيعي شامل : دشت – كوهستان ، جنگل ، رودخانه ، شاليزار، مرداب و... وعوارض غيرطبيعي نظيرخطوط توزيع وانتقال برق ، خطوط مخابرات ، خطوط لوله گازومستحدثات واعيانات و... مي باشد .هريك ازعوارض فوق بوسيله يك عدد وشكل مناسب به نرم افزارمعرفي مي شود وبا همان شكل نرم افزارعوارض را درپلان مسيرخط نمايش مي دهد . به عدد مذكور  FEATURE CODEگويند.

شكل 1 يك نمونه ازتشكيل FEATURE CODE را نشان مي دهد به عنوان مثال عدد 200 وعلامت 0 براي معرفي زمين معمولي يا Survey Point درنظرگرفته شده است.

سطح ولتاژ خط انتقال و فاصله مجاز هادي تا سطح زمين و عوارض مختلف در اين قسمت به نرم افزار معرفي مي­گردد.

شکل 1 – يک نمونه Feature Code

 نحوه وارد نمودن اطلاعات نقشه برداري

داده هاي زمين (Terrain Data) در چند حالت مي تواند به نرم افزارمعرفي شود :

1-    نقشه هاي ماهواره اي با توپوگرافي واقعي زمين

2-   عكسهاي هوائي

3-  نقشه برداري ميداني

      چنانچه نقشه هاي ماهواره اي باتوپوگرافي واقعي زمين ودقت مناسب دراختيارباشد ، (وياعكسهاي هوائي )باتوجه به اينكه كليه عوارض طبيعي وغيرطبيعي برروي اين نقشه ها مشخص مي باشد ميتوان مسيرخط انتقال رابرروي اين نقشه ها (يا عكسهاي هوائي ) با رعايت حريم مناسب مشخص نموده ودراين حالت به راحتي پلان وپروفيل خط درPLS-CADD دردسترس خواهد بود

دراين حالت به مسيريابي ونقشه برداري ميداني نياز نمي­باشد.

- دركشورما معمولا” نقشه برداري ومسيريابي بصورت ميداني واعزام نظرات به مسيرخط انجام مي گيرد پس ازاتمام عمليات نقشه برداري ، اطلاعات مربوطه بايد درقالب فرمت PFL  يا XYT تبديل شده وسپس به عنوان ورودي به PLS-CADD معرفي گردد

1-2-1- فرمت PFL:

درفرمت PFL مسيرخط انتقال مشخص بوده و اطلاعات زمين داراي مشخصات زيرمي باشد :

Station ,Offset, Z, Height, Featvre Cod, Comment

Station : فاصله ازهرنقطه ازابتداي مسيرخط انتقال

Offset : ميزان انحراف ازمسير

Z: ارتفاع زمين درآن نقطه

Height: ارتفاع عوارض موجود (مانند خط انتقال ، ديوارمنازل و...

Feature Cod:طبق توضيح بند 1-1

شكل 1-2 فرمت مربوط به PFL رانشان مي دهد

ورودي  XYZ:

    شكل زير مشخصه  فرمت  XYZ رانشان می دهد.

در شکل فوق h   ارتفاع عارضه غير طبيعی می باشد.                                             

    پس ازآمـــــاده شــدن اطلاعات نقشه­برداري بشرح فوق ازطريق File      ImPort به عنوان ورودي به PLS-CADD معرفي شده وپلان وپروفیل مسیر در نرم افزار قابل مشاهده خواهد بود.

2- اطلاعات مربوط به شرايط بارگذاری

     اطلاعات مربوط به شرايط بارگذاری مسیر خط انتقال براساس آمار موجود از طریق منوی Criteria  به نرم افزار معرفی می گردد. نحوه وارد كردن اطلاعات دراين قسمت ازمنوي نرم افزاربسيارمهم بوده ودرواقع شرايط حدي ومعمولي بارگذاري خط انتقال دراين منو تعيين ميگردد .

شرايط لازم جهت بررسي حداكثركشش سيم ، حداكثرانحراف زنجيره مقره ، رعايت فاصله عمودي اززمين ورعايت فاصله افقي ازعوارض موجود ، بررسي وحالتهاي مختلف اسپن وزن درشرايط بارگذاري مختلف ومعرفي حالات بارگذاري و..........دراين منو انجام مي شود .

 

1-    سطوح طراحي نرم افزارPLS-CADD:

 4-1 سطح اول يا M1

دراين سطح محل اتصال سيم به مقره نسبت به بالاترين نقطه برج بصورت مدل تك خطي به نرم افزارمعرفي مي گردد. (شكل 5-1) دراين سطح اسپن وزن واسپن باد به عنوان ورودي بايد به نرم افزاروارد شود .

 

نشان دادن مختصات محل اتصال هادی در نرم افزار   

4-2- سطح دوم با M2

دراين سطح ازمدل سه بعدي برج جهت تحليل واسپاتينگ خط انتقال استفاده مي گردد .درمدل سه بعدي برجهاي موجود مدل شده ويا برج جديد بوسيله نرم افزارطراحي شده است

دراين سطح ازنرم افزارامكان بررسيunblanance loading  (بارنامتعادل ) و يا Broken Conductor (پارگي سيم ) ومشاهده انحراف زنجيره مقره درحالتهاي مختلف ميسرمي باشد.

4-3- سطح سوم ( M3)

دراين سطح عکس العمل برج نسبت به بارهای اعمال شده قابل رويت می باشد.

4-4- سطح چهارم

دراين سطح آناليزكامل سازه درحالتهاي مختلف بارگذاري ميسرمي باشد.

1-    هاديها

      درPls-CADD هاديها بصورت خطي وغيرخطي قابل معرفي مي باشند مي توان كليه هاديهاي موجود را بامشخصات مربوطه به نرم افزارمعرفي وبه صورت يك فايل جداگانه ذخيره نموده تا درموقع لزوم ازآن استفاده نمود.

2-   استراكچر

استراكچرمتناسب با سطح طراحي درPLSCADD  معرفي مي شود .چنانچه سطح طراحي M1 باشد ، مختصات نقطه اتصال مقره به سيم نسبت به موقعيت بالاترين قطعه برج وارد نرم افزارمي گردد.سپس در بخش Paret List کليه قطعات برج و زنجيره مقره ويراق آلات با هزينه مربوطه وارد می گردد. درسطوح M4,M3,M2 كليه قطعات برج درنرم افزارموجود بوده وفقط ليست مقره ويراق آلات با هزينه هاي مربوطه قبل ازانجام اسپاتينگ با يد به نرم افزارمعرفي گردد

باتكميل اطلاعات زمين ، استراكچر، هادي ، شرايط بارگذاري شرايط جهت انجام اسپاتينگ بهينه فراهم مي گردد .

7- اسپاتينگ بهينه : (Outomatic Optimun Spotting )

قبل ازشروع اساتينگ نقاطي كه برج گذاري درآن نقاط ممنوع مي باشد مي بايست به نرم افزارمعرفي گردد .

اين نقاط شامل باتلاق ، رودخانه ، مرداب ومناطق نظامي و...ميباشد .

درمسيرخط انتقال مناطقي وجود دارند كه زمين درآن نقاط داراي ارزش بالا بوده وموجب افزايش هزينه تمام شده پروژه مي گردد .اين نقاط درPLS-CADD معرفي شده و هــــزينه مــــازاد آنها درمـــنـوي EXTRA COST ZONe به نرم افزارمعرفي مي گردد

جهت انجام اسپاتينگ بهينه مراحل زيرراانجام مي دهيم .

Struetvre          Spotting          Optimvmspotting          معرفي نقطه شروع برج گذاري

 

اسپاتينگ براساس اطلاعات وارد شده انجام مي شود .

بعد ازانجام اسپاتينگ وبررسيهاي لازم اطلاعات زیر قابل دسترس خواهد بود :

1-      امکان مشاهده نيروي وارد بربرجها متناسب با درصد اطمينان مورد نياز

2-      مشاهده نتايج محاسبه INSULATOR SWING  درسخت ترين شرايط ودرهريك ازحالات بارگذاري

3-      مشاهده اسپن وزن واسپن باد درهريك ازحالات بارگذاري

4-      مشاهده هزينه تمام شده پروژه

5-      جدول سيم كشي دماهای مختلف

6-       مشاهده فاصله هادي تا بدنه برج درباد شديد ويا هريك ازحالات مورد نظربا انتخاب جهت باد

7-      مشاهده فاصله هادي تازمين دربالاترين دما وبيشترين يخ وياهريك ازحالات ديگربارگذاري

8-      مشاهده فاصله هاديها ازيكديگردروسط اسپن درهريك ازحالات بارگذاري

9-      مشاهده فاصله جمپرتا بدنه دربرجهاي زاويه درهريك ازحالات بارگذاري دلخواه

10-مشاهده پديده گالوپينگ وهمچنين تصيح خط انتقال درفاصله مورد نظرجهت جلوگيري ازوقوع پديده گالوپينگ

11- سيم كشي خط انتقال بصورت فاز- فاز

12- مشاهده ميدانهاي الكتريكي ومغناطيسي اطراف خط انتقال براساس استاندارد IEEE

14- مشاهده حالتهاي بارگذاري نامتعادل وانحراف زنجيره مقره

15- مشاهده پارگي سيم وبررسی نيروي اعمالي ناشی از آن بر  سايرفازوبربرج

16- مشاهده ليست کليه اقلام خط انتقال (شامل نوع كليه برجهاي اسپاتينگ شده با قطعاتمربوطه و  ليست زنجيره مقره و...)

17- تهيه پلان وپروفيل برج گذاري شده وهرگونه اطلاعات مورد نيازدرخصوص وضعيت خط انتقال

8- توانائي نرم افزاردربررسي خطوط موجود:

چنانچه خط انتقال قديمي موجود باشد وبه هردليل دچارحادثه شده ويا نيازبه بررسي داشته باشد PLSCADD به دوروش مي تواند دراين بررسي ایفای نقش نماید:

8-1- درروش اول فرض براين است كه فقط پلان وپروفيل خط مربوطه دردسترس باشد دراين صورت ابتدا كليه پلان وپروفيل هاي مربوطه را اسكن نموده وسپس ازطريق File       Import وارد PLS-CADD مي شود با اين روش مجددا” ازروي پلان وپروفيل هاي اسكن شده ، پلان وپروفيل واقعي خط انتقال تهيه شده ومي توان كليه بررسیهای لازم شامل (بررسي حالات برگذاري مختلف وتوانائي برجها و...) راانجام ونسبت به وضعيت خط ويا علت سقوط اظهارنظرنمود.

8-2 استفاده ازمتدLIDAR= Light Detecion And Rengig      

مي توان ازتكنولوژي Lidar جهت جمع آوري اطلاعات خطوط موجود استـــفاده نمود وسـپس اين اطلاعات جهت پردازش وبررسي وارد PLS-CADD مي گردد

درسيستم LIDAR اشعه هاي ليزرازطريق حركت هليكوپتدرمسيرخط انتقال به خط انتقال ارسال شده واطلاعات لازم شامل نقاط اتصال سيم برج وارتفاع سيم و... برداشت شود سپس با استفاده ازاين اطلاعات پلان وپروفيل خط انتقال ترسيم مي شود.

-  دقت برداشت اطلاعات از اين طريق  Cm 15 در ارتفاع و Cm 10 در طول می باشد.

-  روزانه اطلاعات حدود 120 کيلومتر از خط انتقال با اين طريِق برداشت مي گردد.

 

 

برداشت اطلاعات ورسم پلان وپروفيل با استفاده از سيستم LIDAR

 

 -  امکان مشاهده فاصله فازهاازيکديگر و از بدنه برج  در هر يک از حالات بارگذاری

+ نوشته شده در  شنبه یازدهم آبان 1387ساعت 22:12  توسط محبت بیژن  | 

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یا علی گفتیم و عشق آغاز شد ...

نمونه ای از آثار خوشنویسی استاد حمید شکیبا

 استاد شكيبا

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+ نوشته شده در  پنجشنبه چهاردهم شهریور 1387ساعت 2:25  توسط محبت بیژن  | 

احداث خطوط فشار قوي جريان مستقيم (HVDC)

حتماً در مسافرتهاي خود، متوجه دكلهاي بلند خطوط انتقال برق شده‌ايد. اين خطوط قادرند انرژی الكتريكي را از محل توليد در نيروگاهها با ولتاژهاي بسيار بالا  به محل مصرف، مثلاً در شهرها يا مراكز صنعتي انتقال دهند. اما نكته مهم در مورد اين خطوط انتقال این است كه برق در آنها به صورت جريان متناوب با فركانس ۵۰ یا ۶۰ هرتز انتقال مي‌يابد. اما جهت انتقال برق در فواصل بين كشورها يا از زير اقيانوسها يا جهت تبديل خطوط 50 هرتز به 60 هرتز يا برعكس، روش ديگري از چندين دهه گذشته پيشنهاد شده كه روش انتقال جريان مستقيم نام گرفته‌ است. منتهي تا كنون چندان به اين روش توجه نشده بود. اين مقاله به دلايل گرايش دولتها و كشورها به استقرار خطوط انتقال جريان مستقيم مي‌پردازد.

حدود ۵۷ سال از استقرار نخستين خط انتقال فشار قوي جريان مستقيم مي‌گذرد. ولي پس از اين مدت دراز، در سالهای اخیر اهميت آن بيشتر احساس مي‌گردد. اما چرا پس از اين همه سال؟ شايد بتوان پاسخ اين پرسش  را در احداث نيروگاههاي پرقدرت اتمي در دنياي كنوني جستجو كرد.

طرح انتقال برق به صورت جريان مستقيم، به تازگي بیشتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است و با توجه به امكانات فني امروزي، مي‌توان اين انديشه را كاملاً علمي پنداشت. از نظر تاريخي ساخت و استقرار نخستين خط انتقال جريان مستقيم فشار قوي در مقياس تجاري، در سال 1954 توسط يك گروه به سرپرستي يك مهندس سوئدي به نام «اونولام» صورت گرفت. اين طرح شامل يك خط به طول 96 كيلومتر مي‌شد كه 30 مگاوات قدرت را در مجاورت درياي بالتيك از سرزمين اصلي كشور سوئد تا جزيره‌اي در اين دريا به نام «گاتلند» انتقال مي‌داد. خيلي زود ميزان انتقال انرژي سالانه به اين جزيره توسط خط مزبور به مرز يكصد ميليارد وات ساعت رسيد.

در سال 1961 خط فشار قوي جريان مستقيم ديگري بين فرانسه و بريتانيا به قدرت 160 مگاوات كشيده شد كه بخشي از كابل مي‌بايست زير دريا در كانال مانش قرار مي‌گرفت. در حال حاضر نيز خط ديگري با قدرت 2000 مگاوات در امتداد كانال مانش در حال ساخته شدن است.

تاريخ استقرار نخستين خط انتقال از اين نوع، در آمريكاي شمالي به سال 1970 باز مي‌گردد كه طي آن يك خط 1360 كيلومتري جهت انتقال 1440 مگاوات به كار برده شد و مي‌توان آن را بلندترين خط انتقال جريان مستقيم و در عين حال پرظرفيت‌ترين آنها دانست. به تازگي ظرفيت اين خط  به 2000 مگاوات افزايش يافته است . اين خط،  نيروي الكتريكي توليد شده از نيروگاههاي آبي سواحل اقيانوس آرام را در سراسر ايالت كاليفرنيا توزيع مي‌كند.

مسئله اقتصادي بودن طرح

يكي از مهمترين دلايل روي آوري كارشناسان به كاربرد اين تكنيك نوين، اقتصادي بودن آن است. زيرا به جاي ساخت نيروگاههاي پرهزينه در مناطقي كه نياز به مصرف زياد دارند، مي‌توان برق اضافي را از فواصل بسيار دور بدين شيوه و با هزينه‌اي به مراتب كمتر انتقال داد. به عنوان مثال در بعضي مناطق كانادا و سواحل غربي ايالات متحده آمريكا، منابع آبي و ذغالي بيشتري جهت توليد الكتريسيته در مقياس وسيع وجود دارد. در حالي كه در مناطق پرمصرف ديگر چنين امكاناتي كمتر موجود است. به عنوان مثالي ديگر دو كشور فرانسه و بريتانيا را در نظر مي‌گيريم. به دليل وجود نيروگاههاي هسته‌اي زياد در فرانسه، توليد برق اين كشور در بسياري اوقات مازاد بر مصرف است. بدين لحاظ بريتانيا قادر خواهد بود از طريق كابل فشار قوي از ميان كانال مانش، اين برق اضافي را دريافت كرده و به مصرف برساند.

با سرمايه‌گذاري ثابت، تجربه نشان داده كه كاربرد خطوط انتقال جريان مستقيم قادر به انتقال قدرت بيشتري در مقايسه با خطوط انتقال جريان متناوب است. همين امتياز دليل عمده روي آوري به سوي احداث چنين خطوطي بوده است آن هم به جاي ساخت و استقرار نيروگاههاي پرهزينه‌اي كه با سوخت فسيلي كار مي‌كنند يا از انرژي هسته‌اي بهره مي‌گيرند. در سالهاي اخير طرحها و پروژه‌هاي ايجاد خطوط انتقال جريان مستقيم در كشور آمريكا بيش از هر نقطه ديگري در دنيا بوده است.

مصونيت در مقابل القاي مغناطيسي

يكي ديگر از مزيتهاي خطوط انتقال جريان مستقيم، مصونيت آن در برابر مشكل القاي مغناطيسي و به اصطلاح، توليد «راكتانس اندوكتيو» است كه در خطوط انتقال جريان متناوب ، لازم بود به نحوي مقاومت «اندوكتيو» مزبور تا حد امكان كاهش يا فته و جبران گردد، البته با استفاده از روشهايي همچون قرار دادن خازنهاي سري كه خود مي‌تواند منجر به ايجاد نوسانهايي در ولتاژ تغذيه شود.

كابلهاي جريان مستقيم قادر به حمل توان الكتريكي بيشتر از كابلهاي جريان متناوب در همان اندازه مي‌باشند. زيرا علاوه بر نبودن مشكل القاي مغناطيسي، هيچ‌گونه تلفات دي‌الكتريك نيز وجود نخواهد داشت. بدين لحاظ كاربرد آن در كابلهاي بين اقيانوسي در فواصل طولاني‌تر از 70 تا 80 كيلومتر بسيار مطلوبتر است.

از نظر مقايسه هزينه در برابر قابليتهاي سيستم انتقال، مي‌توان گفت هزينه استقرار خطوط جريان مستقيم دو سوم هزينه خطوط جريان متناوب است. البته بايد هزينه دستگاههاي مبدل جريان مستقيم به متناوب و برعكس را در دو سمت خط انتقال نيز در نظر گرفت. اما با وجود اين موضوع اگر طول خط انتقال از يك حدي بيشتر باشد، در هر صورت كاربرد خط جريان  مستقيم اقتصاديتر تمام مي‌شود. به عنوان مثال براي يك خط هزار واتي كه هزينه تلفات آن 440 دلار براي هر كيلووات ساعت انرژي است فاصله مرزي جهت كاربرد دو نوع خط انتقال، بين 830 تا 1000 كيلومتر است.

در مراكز نيرو، جهت تبديل جريان متناوب به مستقيم، از لامپهاي تريتور استفاده مي‌شود كه در دو نيم سيكل متوالي، جريان را به ترتيب عبور داده يا بلوكه مي‌كنند.

+ نوشته شده در  پنجشنبه چهاردهم شهریور 1387ساعت 2:24  توسط محبت بیژن  | 

OVERHEAD POWER TRANSMISSION LINE CONDUCTOR SELECTION

1. A computer-implemented method of evaluating an electric conductor for an overhead power transmission line, comprising: receiving requirements data defining requirements for an overhead power transmission line comprising at least a span value, a maximum sag value, and a maximum tension value; receiving conductor data that define at least two conductors to be evaluated; after receiving conductor data for the plurality of conductors to be evaluated, automatically modeling expected operating performance for at least two conductors using conductor assessment software running on a computer, wherein modeling at least comprises, for at least one of the conductors to be evaluated, calculating the conductor's maximum ampacity within the constraints defined by the requirements data; and, based on the modeling, identifying at least one conductor that meets the requirements for the power transmission line using the conductor assessment software.

2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, additionally comprising: generating, with the conductor assessment software, an electronic report containing at least one conductor that meets the requirements for the power transmission line.

3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, additionally comprising: after modeling at least two conductors, sorting the conductors by core area.

4. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein identifying comprises determining the conductor with the smallest core area that meets the requirements.

5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein modeling expected operating performance comprises automatically iterating through at least one calculation for at least two conductors, the automatic iteration executed by the conductor assessment software.

6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein identifying at least one conductor that meets the requirements for the power transmission line comprises identifying one or more conductors that do not meet the requirements for the power transmission line.

7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein maximum tension is horizontal tension at sag, average tension, vertical tension (a tension at the attachments), a tension value expressed as the percentage breaking strength of the conductor, the vertical component of the tension at attachments, or the transverse component of the tension at the attachments.

8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein span value is an actual span or ruling span.

9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein operating performance comprises sag/tension or ampacity.

10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein modeling comprises modeling least one real, non-theoretical conductor.

11. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein receiving requirements data comprises receiving requirements for an overhead electric distribution line.

12. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein requirements data is data that defines an existing overhead power transmission line.

13. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the conductor data includes at least one of the following data elements: strength of conductor; weight of conductor; heat capacity of conductor; type or family of conductor,

stress strain curve data of conductor; or diameter of conductor.

14. A computer-implemented method of evaluating an electric conductor for an overhead power transmission line, comprising: receiving requirements data defining requirements for an overhead power transmission line comprising at least a span value, minimum ampacity, and a maximum tension value; receiving conductor data that define at least two conductors to be evaluated; after receiving conductor data for the plurality of conductors to be evaluated, automatically modeling expected operating performance for at least two conductors using conductor assessment software running on a computer, wherein modeling at least comprises, for at least one of the conductors to be evaluated, calculating the conductor's minimum sag within the constraints defined by the requirements data; and, based on the modeling, identifying at least one conductor that meets the requirements for the power transmission line using the conductor assessment software.

15. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, additionally comprising: generating, with the conductor assessment software, an electronic report containing at least one conductor that meets the requirements for the power transmission line.

16. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, additionally comprising: after modeling at least two conductors, sorting the conductors by core area.

17. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein identifying comprises determining the conductor with the smallest core area that meets the requirements.

18. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein modeling expected operating performance comprises automatically iterating through at least one calculation for at least two conductors, the automatic iteration executed by the conductor assessment software.

19. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein identifying at least one conductor that meets the requirements for the power transmission line comprises identifying one or more conductors that do not meet the requirements for the power transmission line.

20. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein maximum tension is horizontal tension at sag, average tension, vertical tension (a tension at the attachments), a tension value expressed as the percentage breaking strength of the conductor, the vertical component of the tension at attachments, or the transverse component of the tension at the attachments.

21. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein span value is an actual span or ruling span.

22. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein modeling comprises modeling least one real, non-theoretical conductor.

23. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein the conductor data includes at least one of the following data elements: strength of conductor; weight of conductor; heat capacity of conductor; type or family of conductor, stress strain curve data of conductor; or diameter of conductor.

24. A computer-implemented method of evaluating an electric conductor for an overhead power transmission line, comprising: receiving power transmission line data that defines an existing power transmission line;

receiving a set of requirements data defining requirements for a replacement conductor from a user, at least one limitation of which is proposed by the conductor assessment software, and based on a limitation of the existing power transmission line; receiving conductor data that define at least two conductors to be evaluated; after receiving conductor data for the plurality of conductors to be evaluated, automatically modeling expected operating performance for at least two conductors using conductor assessment software running on a computer; and, based on the modeling, identifying at least one conductor that meets the requirements for the power transmission line using the conductor assessment software.

25. The computer-implemented method of claim 24, wherein automatically modeling expected operating performance comprises: calculating the conductor's optimal tension, wherein the optimal tension is a tension value within a tension tolerance percentage value of the highest tension value yielding a sag / tension calculation that does not exceed the maximum tension value, defined as part of the power transmission line requirements or the conductor data; and calculating the conductor's optimal operating temperature, wherein the optimal operating temperature is within a temperature tolerance percentage value of the temperature which yields a sag value greater than a maximum sag value defined as part of the power transmission line requirements.

26. The computer-implemented method of claim 25, wherein automatically modeling expected operating performance of each conductor further comprises: sorting conductors by a design goal, wherein the design goal is one of the following: maximize ampacity; minimize sag; or minimize core area.

27. A computer-implemented method of evaluating an electric conductor for an overhead power transmission line, comprising:

receiving requirements data that define at least two requirements for an overhead power transmission line; receiving conductor data that define at least two conductors to be evaluated; receiving preference data that defines at least one design goal, wherein the design goal defines both "a" and "b" as follows:

(a) a design goal variable, which is any variable that is among the requirements data, among the conductor data, among both the requirements data and the conductor data, or is the result of a calculation that involves data that is either among the requirements data or the conductor data,

(b) for the design goal variable, preference data defining whether the variable should be maximized or minimized; after receiving requirements data, conductor data, and preference data, for the plurality of conductors to be evaluated, automatically modeling expected operating performance for at least two conductors using conductor assessment software running on a computer; and, based on the modeling, identifying at least one conductor that meets the requirements for the power transmission line, and either maximizes or minimizes the design goal variable as defined by the preference data using the conductor assessment software.

28. The computer-implemented method of claim 27, wherein the design goal variable is at least one of the following: ampacity of the power transmission line; sag of the power transmission line; or core area of the conductor.

29. A system for identifying conductors that meet requirements for an overhead power transmission line, comprising: a database component operative to maintain a database identifying at least two conductors;

a user interface component operative to receive information defining requirements for an overhead power transmission line, the requirements at least comprising a span value, a maximum sag value, and a maximum tension value; a modeling component operative to computationally evaluate the performance of at least two of the conductors maintained in the database component, wherein computational evaluation comprises calculating a conductor's maximum ampacity with the constraints defined by the requirements data; and a reporting component operative to determine and present, based on the modeling component's evaluation, conductors that meet requirements for the overhead power transmission line.

30. A method of selling a conductor for an overhead power transmission line comprising: receiving requirements for an overhead power transmission line; identifying a set of conductors that could meet the requirements of a power transmission line, at least one of the conductors from a manufacturer distinct from a manufacturer of another of the conductors; using a computer-implemented method to automatically model performance of at least two of the conductors against requirements of the power transmission line; generating a list of conductors that meet the requirements; and selling a conductor from the list of conductors that meet the requirements.

 

+ نوشته شده در  شنبه نهم شهریور 1387ساعت 23:28  توسط محبت بیژن  | 

Korea's First 765-kV Double-Circuit Line

Jun 1, 2006 12:00 PM
by Dong-Il Lee and Chang-Hyo Oh, Korea Electric Power Co.

 

THE PEAK DEMAND ON KOREA'S TRANSMISSION SYSTEM IN 2004 WAS 51,264 MW, and the average annual increase in demand is about 8% per annum. The long-term load forecasts indicate that by 2021 there will be a power-delivery deficit of some 16,000 MW in the metropolitan area of Seoul City, Korea.

There are wide regional variations in load density in Korea, a country with a population of some 45 million and an area of 98,500 sq km (39,000 sq mi). More than 45% of the electricity demand is attributable to the metropolitan areas especially around Seoul City. The existing 313-km (195-mile) south to north 345-kV transmission lines are routed through the mountains, which create construction problems in addition to right-of-way difficulties. Therefore, to interconnect the Seoul metropolitan areas with the coal-thermal power plants and nuclear power plants on the coastal regions, The Korea Electric Power Co. (KEPCO) decided to construct an extra-high-voltage (EHV) transmission system operating at 765 kV, with east to west and south to north interconnections.

KEPCO reviewed its future circuit-capacity requirements and decided to develop an environmentally acceptable double-circuit 765-kV transmission line design. With the support of Korean equipment manufacturers, KEPCO was able to commission Korea's first double-circuit 765-kV transmission line in 2003.

۷۶۵KV INTERCONNECTION

The first phase of the 765-kV project was the western circuits, the Dangjin line, which interconnect the Dangjin coal-thermal power plant to Sin-Anseong Substation via Sin-Seosan Substation, a transmission line 178 km (111 miles) long. The Sin-Taebaek line eastern circuits interconnect the Sin-Taebaek and Sin-Gapyeong Substations via a 162-km (101-mile) transmission line.

Load and energy statistics of Korea.

Item/Year

2001

2002

2003

2004

Peak load (MW)

43,125

45,773

47,385

51,264

Energy sales (GWh)

257,731

278,451

293,599

312,095

Consumption per capita (kWh)

5444

5845

6126

6491

Construction of these two 765-kV lines that are routed mainly through mountainous country was completed in December 1998. Some 689 tubular-steel towers support these transmission lines having an average height of 95 m (312 ft). The ratio of suspension to tension towers is 1.2. These circuits were operated at 345 kV until the 765-kV gas-insulated substations were commissioned in May 2002. Since then, circuit lines have been operating at 765 kV.

The second and third phases of the future 765-kV interconnections include the construction of transmission lines between Sin-Gapyeong Substation to Sin-Gori Nuclear Power Plant in the south via Seo-Geyongbuk and Sin-Anseong Substation, a route length of about 320 km (200 miles). The design of the transmission line from Sin-Gapyeong to Sin-Ansung will be based on the use of single-circuit (waist-type) towers.

 

DESIGN PARAMETERS CONDUCTOR SELECTION

 

Conductor selection

The selection of the conductor was just one of the features influenced by the need to minimize the environmental impact on the population living in close proximity to the transmission lines. The Korea Environmental Protection Act (KEPA) determined the designed audible noise (AN) level for the 765-kV line to be 50 dB (A) in foul-weather conditions. This effectively excluded the use of a large four-conductor bundle configuration from consideration. The AN characteristics of possible conductor bundles were examined in a corona cage. The combination of the span length and tower height considerations for the 765-kV line resulted in the selection of the Cardinal 6-conductor bundle.

A full-scale 765-kV test transmission line was erected in 1993 to evaluate the environmental impact of corona in the vicinity of the in-service Cardinal 6-conductor bundles. The average AN level for the 36-month test period measured at 15 m (50 ft) from the outer phase was 48 dB (A) in foul weather and 42 dB (A) in fair weather. The test line also afforded the opportunity to gain operational experience of the electrical and mechanical performance of the hardware and spacer-damper for the line prior to completion of the final specification.

 

Ground-wire design

The shield angle of ground wire should be less than -8 degrees or 1 m (3 ft) outside the outer-most conductors, and for optical ground wire (OPGW), the allowable temperature and induction problems of communication cable due to induced current were considered. Sag was maintained under the 80% of conductor sag to avoid clashing with the line conductors.

 

Conductor to ground clearance — standard design

The design ground clearance for transmission lines is determined by considering the safety clearance of electrical equipment, electric and magnetic field strength at ground level, height of trees under the lines and crossing of other structures.

The minimum conductor height was determined to give a maximum electric field below 3.5 kV/m at 1 m above ground in the flat urban areas and 7 kV/m in the mountainous areas. However, to protect the natural environment of the mountainous areas, it is not permitted to remove trees under the lines in Korea. Thus, in practice, the electric field in these areas is less than the design value of 7 kV/m. The minimum conductor height for the 765-kV double-circuit line is 28 m (92 ft).

 

Insulation design

The height of double-circuit 765-kV transmission line towers and the selected ground-wire shielding angle of -8 degrees provide perfect shielding irrespective of tower height and hillside effects. The designed thunder day level is 20, comparatively less than in most countries, and the outage rate due to lightning is estimated as 0.35 per 100 km (0.22 per 100 miles) per annum assuming 10-Ω to 15-Ω tower footing resistance.

The critical flashover voltage (CFO) of 1580 kV in the switching pulse was assumed considering a maximum switching overvoltage of 1.9 p.u., with an atmospheric correction factor below 1000-m (3300-ft) altitude of 1.08 and a flashover to withstand voltage ratio of 1.176. In the event of a single-phase ground fault in each circuit, the maximum switching overvoltage occurs while the power-frequency overvoltage of the healthy phase in this fault situation is 1.2 p.u.

The minimum air-gap clearance to the supporting tower was evaluated as 4.95 m (16.2 ft), to provide withstand for the maximum 1580-kV CFO from the switching overvoltage analysis. The number of insulator discs in a suspension string is 30, and the mechanical strength is 300 kN (70,000 lb); for a tension string, the comparable figures are 28 discs and 400 kN (90,000 lb).

 

Spacer-damper and fittings

A new type of spacer-damper was developed for the 765-kV transmission lines using an elastomer as the material to damp vibration amplitude. To improve the performance of the elastomer, it is ball shaped to stabilize the physical characteristics of the spacer-damper from the physical effects of ozone, sun rays, low temperature and other environmental factors. Eight elastomer balls per arm of the spacer-damper give the arm flexibility to damp three-dimensional vibrations. To overcome the problem of looseness in clamping bolts, the locking bolt-and-nut assembly was also developed. For suspension towers, two parallel insulator strings were used. For tension towers, three parallel insulator strings were used. For jumpers, three parallel insulator strings were used.

 

Tower design

For large-size towers, it is necessary to consider the use of double-member angle steels, but maintenance and repair is more difficult; therefore, steel pipe is used for main and diagonal struts. For crossarms, angle steel is used.

Helicopters were used to transport materials to sites where access was particularly difficult; they were not used to assist tower construction. The steel towers were hot-dipped galvanized during manufacturing, but after erection, the parts above 6 m (200 ft) were painted red and white to comply with aviation law.

 

SUMMARY

The double-circuit 765-kV transmission lines in Korea operate at the highest transmission voltage in Asia. The development of this design technology began as a research project at the Korea Electric Power Research Institute (KEPRI) in 1984 and continued until the commercial operation was commissioned. KEPRI developed the 765-kV upgrading technology with Korean manufacturers and other research institutes using the full-scale 765-kV test line.

The design concept for 765-kV transmission was focused on environmental aspects such as corona discharge, EMF and wind noise. The analysis and research on the characteristics of double-circuit 765-kV transmission and substation systems ensure that the future 765-kV transmission system benefits from optimal construction and system operational standards. Since commercial operation in 2002, the 765-kV system has operated trouble-free.


Dr. Dong-II Lee received a BSEE degree from the University of Don kook in 1979, a master's degree from the University of In ha in 1983 and a Ph.D from the University of Han yang in 1996. Dong-II Lee held appointments in government and with KEPCO before joining the Korea Electric Power Research Institute of KEPCO in 1985, where he is now group manager of the Transmission Technology Group. His long-term research experience has centered on EHV transmission, environmental and health research issues linked to transmission lines and HVDC transmission. Dong-II Lee is a member of the IEEE/PES, a life member of the KIEE and the Korean delegate on the CIGRE B2 Study (Overhead Transmission) Group. dilee@kepri.re.kr

Chang-Hyo Oh received a BSEE degree from the University of Dong-A in 1981 before joining KEPCO. Oh's engineering career centered on transmission lines, starting design and construction before accepting managerial positions. Currently, he is team manager of the KEPCO's Transmission and Substation department, where he has been involved with design and construction of the 765-kV transmission system projects since 1992. He is also a member of the KIEE. ohch@kepco.co.kr

 

۷۶۵KV LINE CHARACTERISTICS

 

The design of the tower sections

Main and diagonal members — steel pipe

Crossarm and other members — angle steel

 

Number of circuits and phase arrangement

Two circuits, three phases per circuit, vertical array

Each phase: 6-conductor bundle (400-mm [16-inch] spacing)

Conductor: Cardinal 54/7 ACSR
Outside diameter 30.4 mm (1.9 inches)
Rated breaking strength 150 kN (33,800 lb)
Aluminum area 483 mm2 (954 MCM)

 

Ground wire, two sets

Alumoweld, 200 mm2, OPGW 200 mm2 one set for each.

 

Lightning factors

Shield angle: More than -8 degrees or ground-wire arm is 1 m (3 ft) outside of the outermost conductors

20 thunder days per year

Ground resistance : Less than or equal to 15 Ω

Counterpoise wire : Copper-clad steel-stranded cable

 

 

+ نوشته شده در  شنبه نهم شهریور 1387ساعت 23:27  توسط محبت بیژن  | 

Compact Transmission Line Design

James R. Stewart

 

 

 

 

The term "compact transmission line" is used to refer to a line, usually in the 69-230 kV range, which is built with less than traditional phase spacing for these voltages. The opportunity for compaction arises because early lines were designed with generous factors of safety, partly because of the lack of knowledge of design parameters, and partly because of lack of incentive to reduce line size. Phase-to-phase spacing of these early lines was in excess of ten times that required for power frequency voltage air gap flashover. As the utility industry developed, research was directed to the development of increasingly higher transmission voltages. With the development of each new voltage class, increasingly sophisticated analyses of insulator and clearance requirements were made. Clearances were reduced closer and closer to their limiting (flashover) values. Reduced clearances and higher voltages increased the problem of conductor surface electric field and corona phenomena such as radio and audible noise. These problems were addressed in turn by appropriate research.

While new design procedures were instituted for higher (EHV) voltages, little attention was given to application of this body of knowledge to lower voltage lines, and lines in the 115 to 230 kV class were still being designed and constructed according to patterns placed decades earlier. By the 1960's, two factors appeared which called attention to intermediate voltage transmission lines. First, increased attention to the appearance of overhead lines brought results at voltages where new structure concepts could be most readily implemented. Prefabricated steel poles, laminated structures, and armless structures first made their appearance at 115 to 138 kV. Second, the same pressures which prompted improvements in appearance also made new rights-of-way increasingly difficult to acquire, and led a number of utilities to uprate existing circuits to a higher voltage class. This early work gave dimensional constraints, which while quite reasonable by EHV standards, were unprecedented at 115-230 kV. This showed the feasibility of using smaller than traditional spacings at these voltage levels. In the 1970's it became apparent that a more concerted effort was warranted to bring EHV design technology to bear on intermediate voltage circuits. In 1973 Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution, Inc., Power Technologies International , proposed to an agency of the State of New York the construction of a half mile of compact 138 kV transmission line. This, and subsequent work sponsored by EPRI, led to the publication of a compact line design manual and supplement. This work was rounded out with publication of a report on phase-to-phase switching surge behavior of closely spaced conductors. As a result of this work, a number of utilities have constructed compact lines with good success and a few have made compact lines their system standard.

As compact transmission line research progressed, a general study was conducted which sought to explore the theoretical limits of line compaction. This study confirmed an earlier idea that the optimum use of space concerned with transmission lines was the use of high phase order: a number of phase conductors symmetrically placed and energized with voltages whose phasors matched the space vectors defining the conductor locations. Subsequent research on high phase order has not only developed this promising innovation but has added to the body of knowledge available for the design of compact three-phase lines. Other options remain for advancing compact transmission line technology. One of these is the use of covered conductor, for 138 kV lines with as little as two feet between phases. The conductor covering is insufficiently strong to withstand continual stress at line voltage, but is able to withstand momentary contact which may result from ice or wind induced motion. Thus conductors could be allowed to approach within normal bare conductor flashover distance for short times without flashover. While promising, this innovation requires additional research and a prototype application on a utility system.



Compact Line Design Factors


Much of the research directed to the development of EHV transmission involved electrical parameters. Some of this was related to line insulation: insulator contamination performance, and insulator and tower window phase-to-ground switching surge performance. Additional work was related to electrical environmental effects: audible, radio, and television noise, and electric and magnetic field coupling to objects in proximity to the line. A considerable body of knowledge was developed together with predictive methods and design data for application to new line configurations.

Much of this electrical work was directly applicable to compact intermediate voltage designs. The largest area of unknowns was in the mechanical performance of compact lines. As spacings were considered as small as three feet, considerations which were previously unimportant became prominent. Among these were wind induced conductor motion, both conductor blow out and differential swinging. Conductor motion due to the release of ice accretions was thought to be possibly limiting. One of the more unusual concerns was magnetic forces resulting from through fault currents. Large current resulting from a fault on some system component other than the compact line but carried through the compact line causes magnetic forces which result in conductor swinging. This swinging might cause the compact line conductors themselves to approach within flashover distance and result in a flashover and tripout on the compact line itself, even though it was not involved in the initial fault. Much of the new research directed to compact line design addressed these mechanical parameters.

Other factors considered in compact line research were lightning performance, live-line maintenance, and code considerations. The latter was significant in that former editions of the National Electric Safety Code specified phase-to-phase separation in excess of that determined to be possible by the compact line research. A subsequent code modification was required to allow the application of compact lines.

Not least, economic considerations of compact line design were addressed. While compact lines are not necessarily less expensive than conventional construction, for many applications they are competitive.

Finally, some unusual questions arose which were addressed. For example, the question was asked if a large bird were to fly between the phases of a 138 kV line with only three feet phase spacing, the bird would bridge a sufficient portion of the air gap to instigate a flashover. Analysis and testing showed that the electric fields surrounding the line conductors are sufficiently intense that birds would not attempt to fly between energized conductors and thus would not cause flashovers.


Sample Special Requirements for Compact Lines


Some examples of specific design constraints for compact lines which emerged from this research are:

  1. Insulators. Compact conductor spacing requires minimizing conductor motions. This in turn requires use of post insulators at the structures to eliminate insulator swinging which occurs with suspension strings. Porcelain posts can be applied, but significant advantages are achieved by use of synthetic insulators.
  2. Conductor Hardware. Conductor separations of the order of three feet at 138 kV result in conductor surface electric fields of the same order as EHV lines. Thus, even though the line is operated at 138 kV, conductor hardware must be of a design which is suitable for EHV application. Otherwise, radio noise will be excessive. Likewise, care must be used in construction of a compact line similar to that for an EHV line to insure that the conductor surface will not be scratched or marred.

Some refinements are possible for special applications but are not always necessary. One of these is the use of in-span insulating spacers to limit conductor motion. Where galloping or ice is a problem, perhaps long or unusually exposed spans, insulating spacers provide an approach to retaining compaction while limiting conductor motion. Spacers located at the 1/3 and 2/3 points of a span reduce the motion considerably more than equivalent span reduction. When ice loads a single conductor of a single span (to take an extreme case), the additional weight is borne by the same conductor on adjacent spans through deflection of the insulators and structures and by elongation of the conductor itself. The conductor attachment points are fixed in height above ground but have some flexibility longitudinally. Spacers on the conductors are free to move vertically. Consequently, an ice load on a single conductor of a single span is borne by all three conductors by action of the spacers. Thus, when the ice is released, some of the energy goes into bundle motion of the three conductors as well as motion of the loaded conductor. More mechanical modes are coupled by the spacers, resulting in each mode having less energy than would be possible without spacers, and therefore reduced overall motion. While it may be a novel thought, it could be argued that in exposed locations it would be better to build a compact line with spacers which are themselves stiff, rather than to use generous clearances and retrofit if necessary with long flexible spacers.


Compact Line Design Procedure


Compact lines, because of reduced design margins, require more rigorous analysis of insulation and mechanical parameters to ensure adequate reliability than is required for conventional lines. Steps in the design are:

  • Consideration of alternate configurations
  • Selection of phase spacing
  • Power frequency air gap spacing
  • Switching surge design
  • Phase-to-ground
  • Phase-to-phase

Radio noise (other electrical environmental effects)

Conductor motion

  • Wind
  • Ice
  • Fault currents

Selection of Insulators (and insulating spacers)

Lightning

Economics

Maintenance

Codes

These steps are interactive, and usually several iterations are required before an acceptable solution is achieved.

 

+ نوشته شده در  شنبه نهم شهریور 1387ساعت 23:21  توسط محبت بیژن  | 

مهندس هادي خسروي- مهندس منصور حجابي

مطالعه فلش اور در مقره‌هاي سليكوني با آلودگي مصنوعي در تستهاي مه‌نمكي نشان مي‌دهد كه تخليه روي مقره كاملاً آلوده تابع مسير نشتي در طول سطح مقره است. در مقره‌هايي كه بصورت تكه‌تكه آلوده مي‌شوند، تخليه در مسير آلوده تابع مسير نشتي در قسمت آلوده سطح مقره است. وجود قطرات آب و لايه‌هاي آلودگي شدت ميدان الكتريكي را روي سطح مقره‌هاي سيليكوني افزايش مي‌دهد. بنابراين مطالعه توزيع پتانسيل وميدان الكتريكي در مقره‌هاي سيليكوني تحت شرايط مرطوب و آلوده، براي درك عميق شروع مكانيزم فلش اور ناشي از آلودگي بسيار مهم است.
قطرات آب نقشهاي متعددي در فلش اور ناشي از‌ آلودگي و پيري مقره‌هاي سيليكوني ايفا مي‌كند كه عبارتند از:
1- قطرات به علت پرميتيويته و رسانايي بالايشان ميدان الكتريكي را بشدت زياد مي‌كند.
2-  تخليه‌هاي كروناي سطحي از قطرات آب، مواد چتركهاي مقره را پير مي‌كند.
3- تخليه كرونا خاصيت آبگريزي در قسمتهايي از سطح را از بين مي‌برد و سبب گسترش قطرات و بهم پيوستن آنها مي‌شود.

1- بدست آوردن مدل:
در اولين قدم، يك مدل نمونه بايدبدست آورد تا مشخصات اصلي توزيع ميدان الكتريكي اطراف قطره آب مطالعه شود. به همين دليل، يك سطح سيليكون رابر مسطح آبگريز با يك قطره آب مجزاي براي مطالعه افزايش ميدان الكتريكي در اطراف قطره آب مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. براي ساده سازي بيشتر، قطره آب مجزاي منفردي كه نيمكره آن در شكلها آمده است فرض مي‌كنيم.
يك مقره بشقابي عمودي را فرض مي‌كنيم كه قطرات آب ساكن روي چترك و sheath عمورد بر خطوط هم پتانسيل قرار دارند. براي نشان دادن ناحيه sheath و ناحيه چترك مقره، دو الكترود با يك صفحه سيليكون رابر به ابعاد (cm10*cm10*cm10) را فرض مي‌كنيم. هدايت نسبي مواد سيليكوني 3/4 است.
دو الكترود به فاصله 10 سانتي‌متر و صفحه سيليكون دردو موقعيت متفاوت قرار مي‌گيرد. ناحيه sheath بوسيله صفحه سيليكوني كه بين دو الكترود مانند اسپيسر قرار گرفته است شبيه‌سازي مي‌شود و صفحه سيليكوني بصورت موازي، بين دو الكترود، براي شبيه‌سازي ناحيه چترك قرار مي‌گيرد.
در هر دو مورد ولتاژ اعمالي 100 ولت است كه ميانگين شدت ميدان الكتريكي v/cm (10= (10/100)) است. هدايت نسبي آب 80 است.

تجزيه و تحليل افزايش ميدان الكتريكي بوسيله قطرات آب
خطوط هم پتانسيل و خطوط ميدان الكتريكي اطراف قطره آب كه روي صفحه سيليكوني قرار گرفته است، ناحيه sheath و ناحيه چترك را شبيه‌سازي مي‌كند كه به ترتيب در شكلهاي 2 و 3 نشان داده شده است. خطوط پيوسته براي نشان دادن خطوط هم پتانسيل وخط چين‌ها براي مسير ميدان الكتريكي بكار رفته است.
از شكلهاي 2 و 3